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For the characteristics of a radio link involving a transmitter, a receiver, their antennas, the associated circuits and the propagation medium, the following terms, definitions and notations should be employed:

transmission loss for radio links

Free-space basic transmission loss

The ratio, usually expressed in decibels, for a radio link between the power radiated by the transmitting antenna and the power that would be available at a conjugately matched receiver antenna input if the actual antennas were replaced by loss-free isotropic antennas located in a perfectly dielectric, homogeneous, isotropic and unlimited environment, the distance between the antennas being retained.

Here free space is defined as a perfect vacuum which may be considered of infinite extent in all directions, so that free space propagation is the propagation of a radio wave radiating in free space.

free space loss

Basic transmission loss (of a radio link)

The ratio, usually expressed in decibels, for a radio link between the power radiated by the transmitting antenna and the power that would be available at a conjugately matched receiver antenna input if the antennas were replaced by isotropic antennas with the same polarization as the real antennas, including the attenuation effects on the propagation path, but with the effects of obstacles close to the antennas being disregarded.

                                                            Lb  =Lbf + Lm dB

where Lm is the loss relative to free space

NOTE – The loss relative to free space, Lm, may be divided into losses of different types, such as:

  • absorption loss (ionospheric or atmospheric gases, precipitation, clouds, etc.);
  • diffraction loss as for ground waves;
  • effective reflection or scattering loss as in the ionospheric case including the results of any focusing or defocusing due to curvature of a reflecting layer;
  • polarization coupling loss; this can arise from any polarization mismatch between the antennas for the particular ray path considered;
  • aperture-to-medium coupling loss or antenna gain degradation, which may be due to the presence of substantial scatter phenomena on the path;
  • beam spreading loss;
  • effect of wave interference between the direct ray and rays reflected from the ground, other obstacles or atmospheric layers;
  • clutter loss;
  • building entry loss

Transmission loss (of a radio link)

The ratio, usually expressed in decibels, for a radio link between the power radiated by the transmitting antenna and the power that would be available at a conjugately matched receiver antenna input if actual antenna radiation patterns are substituted with no losses in the radio-frequency circuits.

NOTE 1 – The transmission loss may be expressed by:

                                                L = Lb − Gt – Gr dB

where Gt and Gr are the directivity gains of the transmitting and receiving antennas, respectively, in the direction of propagation.

NOTE 2 – The effect of the local ground close to the antenna is included in computing the antenna gain, but not in the basic transmission loss.

System loss

The ratio, usually expressed in decibels, for a radio link of the radio-frequency power input to the terminals of the transmitting antenna and the resultant radio-frequency signal power available at the terminals of the receiving antenna.

                                                𝐿𝑠 = 𝐿 + 𝐿𝑡𝑐 + 𝐿𝑟 dB

where Ltc and Lrc are the losses, expressed in decibels, in the transmitting and receiving antennas circuits respectively, excluding the dissipation associated with the antennas radiation, i.e. the definitions of Ltc and Lrc are 10 log (r’/r), where r’ is the resistive component of the antenna circuit and r is the radiation resistance.

Total loss (of a radio link)

The ratio, usually expressed in decibels, between the power supplied by the transmitter of a radio link and the power supplied to the corresponding receiver in real installation, propagation and operational conditions. This is determined at the input or at the output of the transmitting and receiving antenna feed lines. The feed lines may include radio-frequency filters or multiplexers.

This article is taken from ITU-R P.341 and P.525 for more details read ITU-R standards P.341 and P.525

ITU standards used for Videoconferencing

H.320

Narrow-band visual telephone systems and terminal equipment

H.323

Packet-based multimedia communications systems

H.261 

Video codec for audiovisual services at p x 64 kbit/s

H.263 

Video coding for low bit rate communication

H.264

Advanced video coding for generic audiovisual services

H.221

Frame structure for a 64 to 1920 kbit/s channel in audiovisual teleservices

H.242

System for establishing communication between audiovisual terminals using digital channels up to 2 Mbit/s

H.230

Frame-synchronous control and indication signals for audiovisual systems

G.711

Pulse code modulation (PCM) of voice frequencies

G.722

7 kHz audio-coding within 64 kbit/s

G.728

Coding of speech at 16 kbit/s using low-delay code excited linear prediction

H.243 

Procedures for establishing communication between three or more audiovisual terminals using digital channels up to 1920 kbit/s

H.281

A far end camera control protocol for videoconferences using H.224

T.12x

Data protocols for multimedia conferencing

ITU standards used for Videoconferencing

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VSAT – Brief Introduction

Nowadays Satellite is used for communication and VSAT is a well-established technology used for voice, data, and videoconferencing communication. VSAT stands for Very Small Aperture Terminal. Previously before some years ago VSAT station is named as earth station.

Present VSAT networks use Geostationary satellites, which are satellites orbiting in the equatorial plane of the earth at an altitude above 35786 km away from the earth’s surface. The satellite moves on its circular orbit in the same direction of earth rotation with the equal speed of earth rotation, thus satellite appears from any station on the ground as a fixed relay in the sky.

For VSAT communication there are mainly two parts at earth station and they are

1) HUB (Network Management System)

2) Remote Stations used for VSAT communication.

There are several services of VSAT can be used but as I previously mentioned VSAT can be used for – Data Transfer or Broadcast (viz. News Broadcast, Computer data transfer, etc.), Interactive Data (Bank Transactions, Electronic funds transfer, etc.), Voice communication (OPX, E&M, etc.), SCADA, Video Transmission, Video Conferencing, etc.

Data Transmission

Standard VSAT products offer data transmission facilities. Rates offered to the user range typically from 50 b/s to 1.2 Mb/s and above which further depend on bandwidth and technology used. Typically VSAT used with RS232, RS422, V.35, X.21, HSSI, and so on standards for data communication.

Voice transmission

Voice transmission in VSAT uses a low bit rate voice encoder (vocoder). Typically information rate ranges from 4.8 kb/s to 9.6 kb/s. For VSAT system voice communication prone to suffer delay associated with voice circuitry.

Video Transmission

VSATs are used for Video transmission using present Video standards like PAL, NTSC, SECAM with additional equipment.

VSAT can be used with C-Band, Extended C-Band, Ku-Band as per the requirement of service and technology. There are pros and cons to these technologies also.

The equipment inside the room is considered as IDU and are network terminals, routers, hubs, servers, Modems, exchanges, etc. Where as equipment outside to room is considered as ODU and are Radio Transceivers, Antenna, tracking motors, etc.

ODU and IDU are interconnected for VSAT communication. Please note equipment configuration for it may differ but it needs to interconnect with proper manner.

 

 

What is VSAT?

Nowadays Satellite is used for communication and VSAT is a well-established technology used for voice, data, and videoconferencing communication. VSAT stands for Very Small Aperture Terminal. Previously before some years ago VSAT station is named as earth station.

What is Geostationary Satellite?

Present VSAT networks use Geostationary satellites, which are satellites orbiting in the equatorial plane of the earth at an altitude above 35786 km away from the earth’s surface. The satellite moves on its circular orbit in the same direction of earth rotation with the equal speed of earth rotation, thus satellite appears from any station on the ground as a fixed relay in the sky.

What are uses of VSAT?

There are several services of VSAT can be used but as I previously mentioned VSAT can be used for – Data Transfer or Broadcast (viz. News Broadcast, Computer data transfer, etc.), Interactive Data (Bank Transactions, Electronic funds transfer, etc.), Voice communication (OPX, E&M, etc.), SCADA, Video Transmission, Video Conferencing, etc.
Data Transmission
Standard VSAT products offer data transmission facilities. Rates offered to the user range typically from 50 b/s to 1.2 Mb/s and above which further depend on bandwidth and technology used. Typically VSAT used with RS232, RS422, V.35, X.21, HSSI, and so on standards for data communication.
Voice transmission
Voice transmission in VSAT uses a low bit rate voice encoder (vocoder). Typically information rate ranges from 4.8 kb/s to 9.6 kb/s. For VSAT system voice communication prone to suffer delay associated with voice circuitry.
Video Transmission
VSATs are used for Video transmission using present Video standards like PAL, NTSC, SECAM with additional equipment.

In which band VSAT works?

VSAT can be used with C-Band, Extended C-Band, Ku-Band as per the requirement of service and technology. There are pros and cons to these technologies also.

What is ODU and IDU?

The equipment inside the room is considered as IDU and are network terminals, routers, hubs, servers, Modems, exchanges, etc. Where as equipment outside to room is considered as ODU and are Radio Transceivers, Antenna, tracking motors, etc.

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