Comparison of PDH and SDH/SONET interfaces It is important to note that PDH signals can be synchronously multiplexed to the next hierarchical level without difficulty. However, it must be appreciated that the add and drop feature applies only to the complete PDH signal. Subportions of the PDH signal (e.g., one of the 45-Mb/s tributaries […]
PDH multiplexing PDH multiplexing (North America) The 24-channel PCM system is only the first, or primary, the order of digital multiplexing. If it is necessary to transmit more than 24 channels, the system is built up as in the plesiochronous digital hierarchy multiplexing (PDH multiplexing) diagram of the figure. In the North American hierarchy, […]
Transmission Media – Telecommunication Systems The telecommunications objective is to produce high-quality voice, video, and data communication between any pair of desired locations, whether the distance between locations is 1 or 10,000 km. The distance between the two locations determines the type of transmission equipment used for setting up the connection. First, communication over a […]
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) is a new modem technology that converts existing twisted-pair telephone lines into access paths for high-speed communications of various sorts. Overview ADSL can transmit more than 6 Mbps to a subscriber—enough to provide Internet access, video-on-demand, and LAN access. In interactive mode, it can transmit […]
Fiber Distributed Data Interface Introduction The Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) specifies a 100-Mbps token-passing, dual-ring LAN using fiber-optic cable. FDDI is frequently used as high-speed backbone technology because of its support for high bandwidth and greater distances than copper. It should be noted that relatively recently, a related copper specification, called Copper Distributed […]
Frame Relay Introduction Frame Relay is a high-performance WAN protocol that operates at the physical and data link layers of the OSI reference model. Frame Relay originally was designed for use across Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) interfaces. Today, it is used over a variety of other network interfaces as well. Frame Relay is an […]
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