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ISDN Basic Access Reference Model

ISDN Basic Access – A Brief Overview

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ISDN Basic Access – A Brief Overview This document is a brief overview of ISDN Basic Access and written from viewpoint of Network Termination (NT1). The Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of digital transmission standards which are used for end-to-end digital connectivity. ‘‘Integrated Services’’ referring to its ability to sustain numerous applications. ‘‘Digital Network’’ […]

Message Switching basics diagram

Switching Basics

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Switching Basics In this post, we are going to brief switching basics. Switching is the process, which is required for transfer information in the establishment on demand of an individual from the desired inlet to the desired outlet within a set of inlets and outlets.  Telecommunication networks are designed to carry information between users. This information […]

Network Time Protocol (NTP)

Network Time Protocol (NTP) Version 3 – Brief Introduction

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Network Time Protocol (NTP) Version 3 – Brief Introduction The Network Time Protocol (NTP) Version 3, is used to synchronize timekeeping among a set of distributed time servers and clients. It defines the architectures, algorithms, entities, and protocols used by NTP and is intended primarily for implementors. A companion document [MIL91a] summarizes the requirements, analytical […]

PPP frame format - Numbered Mode

PPP Reliable Transmission 

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PPP Reliable Transmission  (RFC 1663) The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) [1] provides a standard method for transporting multi-protocol datagrams over point-to-point links. This document defines a method for negotiating and using Numbered-Mode, as defined by ISO 7776 [2], to provide a reliable serial link. Introduction By default, PPP packets over HDLC framed links consist of “connectionless” […]

Multilink Overview for ppp multilink protocol

PPP Multilink Protocol

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PPP Multilink Protocol (MP)  (RFC1717) Introduction The method discussed here for PPP Multilink protocol is similar to the multilink protocol described in ISO 7776 [4] but offers the additional ability to split and recombine packets, thereby reducing latency, and potentially increase the effective maximum receive unit (MRU).  Furthermore, there is no requirement here for acknowledged-mode […]