Author: Telecom and Networking

ITU-R V : Vocabulary and related subjects

ITU-T Recommendations : Series B – Means of expression: definitions, symbols, classification

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ITU-T Recommendations : Series B   (Means of expression: definitions, symbols, classification) ITU-T Recommendations In force December 2000 edition   ITU-T Rec. B.1 (11/88) Letter symbols for telecommunications ITU-T Rec. B.3 (11/88) Use of the international system of units (SI) ITU-T Rec. B.10 (11/88) Graphical symbols and rules for the preparation of documentation in telecommunications ITU-T […]

SONET Multiplexing

The Fundamentals of SONET

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  The Fundamentals of SONET   Overview In 1985, Bellcore proposed the idea of an optical carrier-to-carrier interface that would allow the interconnection of different manufacturers’ optical equipment. This was based on a hierarchy of digital rates, all formed by the interleaving of a basic rate signal. The idea of a Synchronous Optical NETwork (SONET) attracted […]

2.048 mbps E1 Basic

2.048 Mbps Technology Basics

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2.048 Mbps Technology Basics            A 2.048 Mbps circuit provides high speed, digital transmission for voice, data, and video signals at 2.048 Mbps. 2.048 Mbps transmission systems are based on the ITU-T specifications G.703, G.732, and G.704, and are predominant in Europe, Australia, Africa, South America, and regions of Asia. Due to an increase […]

OSI Layers

OSI Layers

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OSI Layers OSI stands for Open System Interconnection and there are seven OSI layers.  Application Layer The Application Layer is at top of the OSI model. It is the ultimate goal of networking: service providing. The Application Layer uses special networking protocols to provide file, print, message, application, and database services. It also defines how […]